11 call correlates with the second call described by others and relates to a person's vocation, purpose, or mission and how God calls them to serve the world. Smith then adds a third level of calling.54 Smith's immediate call included the daily tasks or responsibilities God directs his children to do. Smith believed the call to a vocation could only be understood in the context of the other two calls. 55 Calling remains a multidimensional construct, and empirical research assessing the concept unilaterally limited the calling research.56 Therefore, Dik et al. developed the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ), which includes subscales measuring both the presence of calling and search for calling across the domains of transcendent summons, purposeful work, and prosocial orientation. The development of calling involves an initial quest or search for purpose. Individuals seeking life meaning more readily search for calling.57 Individuals who endorse the presence of calling feel they possess a calling.58 Among 5,000 incoming college students in the Duffy and Sedlacek study, 44% endorsed a presence of calling, while 28% indicated a search for calling.59 Studies demonstrated a positive correlation between presence of calling in college students and life HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP, CHRISTIAN COLLEGES, AND STUDENT DEVELOPMENT OF CALLING immediate.52 Like Blackaby and Blackaby and Guinness, Smith described a general call pertaining to salvation.53 Smith's specific call correlates with the second call described by others and relates to a person's vocation, purpose, or mission and how God calls them to serve the world. Smith then adds a third level of calling.54 Figure 1. Smith’s three types of Christian calling.
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