108 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY 4 Travis Bradberry defined emotional intelligence as the ability to recognize and understand emotions in yourself and others, and your ability to use this awareness to manage your behavior and relationships. See Travis Bradberry and Jean Greaves, Emotional Intelligence 2.0 (San Diego, CA: TalentSmart, 2009), 16. The primary difference between EI and self-awareness concepts is emotional intelligence focuses primarily on emotions and behavior, two important components of self-awareness. However, selfawareness goes beyond emotional intelligence to include values, motives, cognition, and abilities. Self-awareness has a broad scope of elements infusing to define the inner man. Emotional intelligence focuses on a remarkably relevant segment of the inner man, specifically, how one relates to others through emotion and behavior. 5 Diane Dirette, “Self-Awareness Enhancement through Learning and Function (SELF): A Theoretically Based Guideline for Practice,” British Journal of Occupational Therapy 73, no. 7 (2010): 310. 6 Anthony R. Gatling, Patricia A. Castelli, and Matthew L. Cole, “Authentic Leadership: The Role of Self-Awareness in Promoting Coaching Effectiveness,” Asia-Pacific Journal of Management 9, no. 4 (2013): 337. 7 Susan M. McNaughton, “Developing Pre-requisites for Empathy: Increasing Awareness of Self, the Body, and the Perspectives of Others," Teaching in Higher Education 21, no. 5 (2016): 504. 8 Michele C. Fejfar and Rick H. Hoyle, “Effect of Private Self-Awareness on Negative Effect and Self-Referent Attribution: A Quantitative Review,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, no. 2 (2000): 132; Greg C. Ashley and Roni Reiter-Palmon, “Self-Awareness and the Evolution of Leaders: The Need for a Better Measure of Self-Awareness,” Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management 14, no. 1 (2012): 2. 9 Urdang, “Awareness of Self,” 525; Zuckerman et al., “SelfAwareness,” 19. 10 Ashely and Reiter-Palmon, “Self-Awareness and the Evolution of Leaders,” 2. 11 Hunter, “Perpetual Self-Conflict,” 96; Ann Phillips and Paul Silvia, “Self-Awareness and the Emotional Consequences of Self-Discrepancies,” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no.5 (2005): 707. 12 Vivekananda Suri and V. M. Prasad, “Relationship Between SelfAwareness and Transformational Leadership: A Study in IT Industry, IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior 10, no. 1 (2011): 15; Zuckerman et al., “SelfAwareness,” 17.
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